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LONG BEACH, Calif. — Top executives at some of the largest companies in trucking said many factors must come together before the industry can fully advance toward a zero-emission future.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency announced a proposed rulemaking to further restrict emissions of soot-forming nitrogen oxides (NOx) by heavy-duty diesel and gasoline engines starting in model year 2027.

The U.S. trucking industry is set to be transformed by a handful of states adopting zero-emission vehicle requirements.

State Environmental Protection officials adopted Advanced Clean Truck rules Dec. 20 that would make New Jersey the first East Coast state to require phasing in of electric commercial trucks to reduce air pollution and the diseases it causes.

The push for zero-emission trucks in California has left drayage operators questioning that approach in light of their previous investments in equipment using natural gas fuel, an industry association executive said.

Legislation that would authorize a federal emissions reduction program and fund research and development for technologies across the environmental sector recently passed in the U.S. House of Representatives.

California regulators have unanimously approved a sweeping regulation that will lower oxides of nitrogen and particulate matter emissions for new trucks built beginning in 2024.

California environmental regulators approved a measure that within a few years will require truck manufacturers to transition a percentage of their sales in the state from diesel trucks to electric zero-emission vehicles.

The California Air Resources Board has proposed a regulation requiring that manufacturers sell a set percentage of zero-emissions battery-electric and fuel cell trucks beginning with model year 2024.

Democratic Gov. Gavin Newsom has signed into law a bill that directs the California Air Resources Board and other state agencies to develop and implement a new smog inspection program for heavy-duty diesel on-road trucks.